I’ve been fielding quite a few questions lately about polar modulation. Indeed, polar modulators are theoretically more efficient. However, this does not need to be the case. I will highlight (technically, self-promote) a Cartesian scheme that can produce an RF signal as efficiently as a polar modulator—with fewer implementation issues.
Introduction
In general, we are trying to produce the signal
where is the in-phase (I) component and is the quadrature (Q) of our complex baseband signal. In general, RF transmitters have a modulator circuit which carries out this math. These are called Cartesian modulators and are generally drawn as:
This diagram is meant to be interpreted as a high-level circuit schematic. Namely, the output is a wire-sum of the the individual mixer outputs.
can also be written as
where and . Then, we lose the need to sum the signals and we can simply implement:
Cartesian Inefficiency
The inefficiency of the Cartesian modulator is not in the individual mixers themselves (they are equivalent between Cartesian and polar). The inefficiency lies in the summing of the two mixer outputs: some current flows from the I-mixer into the Q-mixer and is dissipated by the Q-mixer’s output resistance. Indeed, we could get a high efficiency RF modulator if we could stop this current flowing. Indeed, if the component mixers were high output impedance (i.e. current sources), this summing could be done efficiently.
Switched-Mode Modulators
It should be noted that while we desire , what usually gets implemented is where is a square wave at the carrier frequency. This works because has a component of —albeit with some higher order terms. However, these terms can usually be filtered out.
Interleaving
What if, instead of summing the two signals, we interleaved them. That is, we spit out a sequence (at 4x the carrier frequency) of [+ xI, –xQ, –xI, +xQ]? It turns out that this is equivalent to multiplying by a [+1,0,-1,0] sequence (which also has a term of ) and multiplying by a [0, –1, 0, +1] sequence (which has a term of ).
It turns out that the cases where the I- and Q- LO’s overlap is very inefficient, and it contributes nothing to the output signal power. (The term in [+1, 0, –1, 0] is smaller than the term in [+1, +1, –1, –1]. However, we are concerned about efficiency—the ratio of power produced to power dissipated—not absolute output power.)
This can be implemented efficiently by the following switching circuit:
For clarity, I’ve shown the circuit as a single-balanced (single-ended) output, but it can be (and should be) implemented as a fully differential output.
Polar vs Cartesian RF Modulator Efficiency
I’ve been fielding quite a few questions lately about polar modulation. Indeed, polar modulators are theoretically more efficient. However, this does not need to be the case. I will highlight (technically, self-promote) a Cartesian scheme that can produce an RF signal as efficiently as a polar modulator—with fewer implementation issues.
Introduction
In general, we are trying to produce the signal
where is the in-phase (I) component and is the quadrature (Q) of our complex baseband signal. In general, RF transmitters have a modulator circuit which carries out this math. These are called Cartesian modulators and are generally drawn as:
This diagram is meant to be interpreted as a high-level circuit schematic. Namely, the output is a wire-sum of the the individual mixer outputs.
can also be written as
where and . Then, we lose the need to sum the signals and we can simply implement:
Cartesian Inefficiency
The inefficiency of the Cartesian modulator is not in the individual mixers themselves (they are equivalent between Cartesian and polar). The inefficiency lies in the summing of the two mixer outputs: some current flows from the I-mixer into the Q-mixer and is dissipated by the Q-mixer’s output resistance. Indeed, we could get a high efficiency RF modulator if we could stop this current flowing. Indeed, if the component mixers were high output impedance (i.e. current sources), this summing could be done efficiently.
Switched-Mode Modulators
It should be noted that while we desire , what usually gets implemented is where is a square wave at the carrier frequency. This works because has a component of —albeit with some higher order terms. However, these terms can usually be filtered out.
Interleaving
What if, instead of summing the two signals, we interleaved them. That is, we spit out a sequence (at 4x the carrier frequency) of [+ xI, –xQ, –xI, +xQ]? It turns out that this is equivalent to multiplying by a [+1,0,-1,0] sequence (which also has a term of ) and multiplying by a [0, –1, 0, +1] sequence (which has a term of ).
It turns out that the cases where the I- and Q- LO’s overlap is very inefficient, and it contributes nothing to the output signal power. (The term in [+1, 0, –1, 0] is smaller than the term in [+1, +1, –1, –1]. However, we are concerned about efficiency—the ratio of power produced to power dissipated—not absolute output power.)
This can be implemented efficiently by the following switching circuit:
For clarity, I’ve shown the circuit as a single-balanced (single-ended) output, but it can be (and should be) implemented as a fully differential output.