In my post on Quantization, I noted that quantization noise degrades the performance of analog-to-digital converters (ADC’s). One very effective method of reducing quantization noise over narrow (but increasingly wider) bands is the Sigma-Delta technique. Consider the block diagram shown below: This loop attempts to subtract the error induced by the embedded ADC (called the […]

I intend to explain a very powerful concept in data conversion: the Sigma-Delta loop. Before I do so, I will describe quantization noise (which sigma delta loops attempt to alleviate). Quantization noise occurs during the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) process. Since an analog signal can attain any value, it has infinite precision. This infinite precision excludes […]

In part 1, I illustrated how our decimal/Arabic number system is based on our ability to count up to nine with a single digit. After that, we add a digit (with a weighting of ten) and then continue to count the first digit from zero to nine again. The best way to explain how computers […]

In Part 1, I discussed how the regulated supply reacts to a switching transient, and how the regulator bypass capacitance CR suppresses the transient. In this post, I will discuss how this same bypass capacitance affects  the loop gain characteristics of the regulator. I will then present a procedure to design this regulator quickly, and […]

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I’ve stated in a previous post that the digital revolution is all about measuring signals and representing them in a binary format that can then be processed with digital gadgets. A big part of this processing is the ability to represent anything in a binary format. My definition of binary is a representation which only […]